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Trimetaphan camsilate (INN) or trimethaphan camsylate (USAN), sold under the trade name Arfonad, is a sympatholytic drug that is infrequently used to lower blood pressure.

Trimetaphan is a ganglionic blocker: it counteracts cholinergic transmission at the a specific type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the autonomic ganglia and, therefore, blocks both the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. It functions as a non-depolarizing competitive antagonist at the nicotinic receptor, has a short duration of action, and is administered intravenously.

It was discovered by Leo Sternbach.cite-ref-1[1]

• Effects

• Therapeutic uses

• References

• Further reading

Trimetaphan is a sulfonium compound and, as such, carries a positive charge. This charge prevents it from crossing lipid cell membranes, including those that comprise the blood–brain barrier. Consequently, trimethaphan has no effect on the central nervous system.

The ciliary muscle of the eye functions to round the lens for accommodation and is primarily controlled by parasympathetic system input. When a ganglion-blocking drug is administered, the ciliary muscle is unable to contract (cycloplegia), and the patient loses the ability to focus.

Trimetaphan has a significant effect on the cardiovascular system. Blood vessel size is primarily controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. Loss of sympathetic system input to the blood vessels causes them to dilate (vasodilation), which lowers blood pressure. Postural hypotension is a common side effect of these drugs. Trimethaphan causes histamine release, further decreasing blood pressure. Effects on the heart include a decreased force of contraction and an increase in heart rate (tachycardia). Reflexive tachycardia can be diminished or undetected because trimetaphan also blocks the sympathetic ganglia innervating the heart.

The motility of the gastrointestinal tract is regulated by the parasympathetic system, and blockage of this input results in diminished motility and constipation.

A rare side effect of trimethaphan administration is sudden respiratory arrest. The mechanism behind this is unknown, as trimethaphan does not appear to block the neuromuscular transmission, and respiratory arrest is not an expected consequence of ganglionic blockage.cite-ref-pmid938175-2-0[2]

The therapeutic uses of trimetaphan are limited due to the availability of newer drugs that are more selective in their actions and effects. It is occasionally used to treat a hypertensive crisis and dissecting aortic aneurysm, to treat pulmonary edema, and to reduce bleeding during neurosurgery.

cite-note-11. ↑ citerefbause-gs2017Bause GS (1 August 2017). "From Coenzyme R to "Arfonad" and from Vitamin H to Hypotension". Anesthesiology. 127 (2): 381–381. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000001771. ISSN 0003-3022.

cite-note-pmid938175-22. ↑ citerefdaleschroeder1976Dale RC, Schroeder ET (July 1976). "Respiratory paralysis during treatment of hypertension with trimethaphan camsylate". Archives of Internal Medicine. 136 (7): 816–8. doi:10.1001/archinte.1976.03630070060018. PMID 938175.

• citerefanderson1955Anderson SM (July 1955). "Controlled hypotension with arfonad in paediatric surgery". British Medical Journal. 2 (4931): 103–4. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4931.103. PMC 1980290. PMID 14378656.

• citerefklingwiltonhensingerknight1986Kling TF, Wilton N, Hensinger RN, Knight PR (April 1986). "The influence of trimethaphan (Arfonad)-induced hypotension with and without spine distraction on canine spinal cord blood flow". Spine. 11 (3): 219–24. doi:10.1097/00007632-198604000-00007. PMID 3715622. S2CID 24029902.

• citerefmoyerhandley1955Moyer JH, Handley CA (April 1955). "Renal and cardiovascular hemodynamic response to ganglionic blockade with pendiomide and a comparison with hexamethonium and arfonad". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 113 (4): 383–92. PMID 14368507.

• citerefulm1959Ulm AH (February 1959). "The treatment of primary priapism with arfonad". The Journal of Urology. 81 (2): 291–3. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(17)66009-9. PMID 13631819.

• citerefpetridesmanekshazervascarasiti1996Petrides G, Maneksha F, Zervas I, Carasiti I, Francis A (March 1996). "Trimethaphan (Arfonad) control of hypertension and tachycardia during electroconvulsive therapy: a double-blind study". Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 8 (2): 104–9. doi:10.1016/0952-8180(95)00192-1. PMID 8695090.

• citereftewfikwells1957Tewfik GI, Wells BG (July 1957). "The use of arfonad for the alleviation of cardio-vascular stress following electro-convulsive therapy". The Journal of Mental Science. 103 (432): 636–44. doi:10.1192/bjp.103.432.636. PMID 13449573.

• citerefroweafonsolugoboake1964Rowe GG, Afonso S, Lugo JE, Boake WC (1964). "Systemic and Coronary Hemodynamic Effects of Trimethaphan Camphorsulfonate (Arfonad) in the Dog". Anesthesiology. 25 (2): 156–60. doi:10.1097/00000542-196403000-00008. PMID 14156542. S2CID 36791833.